Identifying Geographic Atrophy Biomarkers

Are you aware of all the measurable indicators that can increase vision loss risk?

By: Eilene Kinzer, OD, MEd VFL, FAAO

Optometric Management October 1, 2025 Vol 60(8) , Issue October 2025 Page(s): 24,25,26,27

Clinical Report: Identifying Geographic Atrophy Biomarkers

Overview

This report discusses various biomarkers associated with geographic atrophy (GA) that can increase the risk of vision loss. Advanced diagnostic tools such as color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography are essential for identifying these biomarkers and informing patient interventions.

Background

Geographic atrophy is a significant cause of vision loss in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Understanding the biomarkers that indicate increased risk for GA is crucial for early detection and management. This knowledge allows healthcare professionals to implement timely interventions that may slow disease progression and preserve vision.

Data Highlights

No numerical data available in the source material.

Key Findings

GA lesions are characterized by sharply demarcated areas of retinal pigment epithelium hypopigmentation.
Progression rates of GA are higher with larger lesions, multifocal lesions, and irregular margins.
Patients with heterogeneous internal reflectivity within drusen have a 6-fold risk of progressing to advanced AMD within a year.
Reticular pseudodrusen are associated with a 2-fold increased risk of progressing to advanced AMD.
Regular exercise can reduce the risk of late AMD by 41% compared to a sedentary lifestyle.
Smoking cessation significantly decreases the risk of developing GA.

Clinical Implications

Optometrists should utilize advanced imaging techniques to identify biomarkers of GA, enabling proactive management of patients at risk for vision loss. Lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, should be encouraged as part of a comprehensive approach to reduce the risk of GA progression.

Conclusion

Identifying biomarkers for geographic atrophy is essential for early intervention and management of AMD. Continued research and application of advanced diagnostic tools will enhance patient outcomes.

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